- See, for example, Yue Fei and Pablo Tseng, “The liabilities for AI in healthcare” The National (2 September 2022), accessed at https://nationalmagazine.ca/en-ca/articles/law/opinion/2022/the-liabilities-for-ai-in-healthcare; Dimitri Patrinos, “The Virtual Physician: Clarifying Medical Liability Issues in the Use of Remote Patient Monitoring” (2024) 62:1 Alberta Law Review 205; Bradley Henderson, Colleen Flood, and Teresa Scassa, “Artificial Intelligence in Canadian Healthcare: Will the Law Protect Us from Algorithmic Bias Resulting in Discrimination?” (2022) 19:2 Canadian Journal of Law and Technology 475.
- Richard K. Resnik et al, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada’s Task Force Report on Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Digital Technologies (2020) at p. 3 and 34, accessed at https://www.royalcollege.ca/content/dam/document/membership-and-advocacy/2020-task-force-report-on-ai-and-emerging-digital-technologies-e.pdf.
- CMPA, “The medico-legal lens on AI use by Canadian physicians” (2024) accessed at https://www.cmpa-acpm.ca/en/research-policy/public-policy/the-medico-legal-lens-on-ai-use-by-canadian-physicians.
- CMPA, ibid; see also CMPA, “Considerations for adopting and implementing artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare” (2024) accessed at https://www.cmpa-acpm.ca/en/education-events/good-practices/the-healthcare-system/considerations-for-adopting-and-implementing-artificial-intelligence-ai-in-healthcare.
- See Health Canada, “Guidance Document: Software as a Medical Device (SaMD): Definition and Classification” (2019) accessed at https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/medical-devices/application-information/guidance-documents/software-medical-device-guidance-document.html; Health Canada, “Pre-market guidance for machine learning-enabled medical devices” (2025) accessed at https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/medical-devices/application-information/guidance-documents/pre-market-guidance-machine-learning-enabled-medical-devices.html.
- Ibid; see also Michael Da Silva, Colleen Flood, and Matthew Herder, “Regulation of Health-Related Artificial Intelligence in Medical Devices: The Canadian Story” (2022) 55:3 UBC Law Review 635.
- See Mirja Mittermaier, Marium M. Raza, and Joseph C. Kvedar, “Bias in AI-based models for medical applications: challenges and mitigation strategies” (2023) Digital Medicine, accessed at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-023-00858-z.
- Consider, for instance, the coroner report for Stephen Pettitt, a retired music teacher who died in Newcastle, UK, after a routine heart surgery was performed using a DaVinci device: https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Stephen-Pettitt-2019-0037_Redacted.pdf. For a more recent example from the United States, see Re: Acclarent, Inc., Court of Appeals of Texas (Fort Worth) June 7, 2024, 2024 WL 2873617.
- Gilmore v Love, 2023 BCSC 1380, para. 55
- Supra, para. 54
- Juan C. Quiroz et al, “Challenges of developing a digital scribe to reduce clinical documentation burden” (2019) Digital Medicine, accessed at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0190-1.
- CMPA, supra endnote 3.
- College of Physicians and Surgeons of BC, “Interim Guidance: Ethical Principles for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine” (April 11 2023) accessed at https://www.cpsbc.ca/files/pdf/IG-Artificial-Intelligence-in-Medicine.pdf.
- Rohit Singla et al, “Talking Smart: Conversational AI Streamlines Clinical Practice” (February 14 2024) accessed at https://thischangedmypractice.com/conversational-ai-streamlines-clinical-practice/.
- Kyle W. Eastwood et al, “Needs and expectations for artificial intelligence in emergency medicine according to Canadian physicians” (2023) BMC Health Services Research, accessed at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10369807/.
- MEDITECH, “Fraser Health to leverage generative AI for clinical documentation in MEDITECH Expanse EHR” (December 7 2023) accessed at https://ehr.meditech.com/news/fraser-health-to-leverage-generative-ai-for-clinical-documentation-in-meditech-expanse-ehr#:~:text=Fraser%20Health%20Authority%20(Surrey%2C%20B.C.,large%20language%20models%20(LLMs).
- Accessed at https://www.cpsbc.ca/files/pdf/HPA-Bylaws.pdf.
- See Rami Hatem, Brianna Simmons, and Joseph Thornton, “A Call to Address AI ‘Hallucinations’ and How Healthcare Professionals Can Mitigate their Risks” (2023) Cureus, accessed at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10552880/.
- 2016 BCSC 938
- 2005 BCSC 443, para. 62.
- RSBC 1996, c 124
Digital Scribes, Legal Signatures: AI-Generated Records in Medical Malpractice
Monday, September 1, 2025|
